Ψoid - Science Snippets

Figure 1: The TLIS Spectrometer and Its Applications, see description below.

Using the TLIS spectrometer, the team made several key discoveries. They observed how a promising solar cell material, formamidinium lead triiodide (FAPbI₃), quickly degrades from a stable black phase to an ineffective yellow phase, but adding methylammonium (MA⁺) helped slow this process significantly. In another case, a lead-free perovskite unexpectedly "self-healed" over the weekend, improving its ability to emit light due to the slow migration of chloride ions within the solid. They also enhanced tin-based perovskites, which are more environmentally friendly than lead-based ones but degrade quickly, by creating a protective chloride shell. This breakthrough not only improves stability but also opens new possibilities for biomedical imaging. The ability to observe materials evolving in real time allows scientists to develop and optimize new materials much faster, reducing research time from months to days while eliminating the need for hazardous solvents. This work paves the way for more sustainable, efficient material discovery across industries like solar energy, electronics, and even food science.

Figure 1: The TLIS Spectrometer and Its Applications

Figure 1 illustrates how the Time-Lapsed In Situ (TLIS) spectrometer helps scientists observe changes in materials during chemical reactions in real-time.

• (a) Experimental Setup: The diagram shows the TLIS spectrometer, which includes a light source, a spectrometer, and a computer interface for collecting data. The system measures how materials interact with light while undergoing changes.
• (b) Diffuse Reflectance Mode: This mode tracks how perovskites like FAPbI₃ transition between different phases over time. The data reveals how the material shifts from its efficient black form (α-phase) to an unstable yellow form (δ-phase) by measuring changes in how much light the material absorbs.
• (c) Photoluminescence Mode: This mode detects how materials emit light after being excited. The graph shows how a lead-free perovskite, Cs₂Na₀.₉Ag₀.₁BiCl₆, changes in brightness due to ball milling (a grinding process) and later storage. This effect is linked to the slow movement of chloride (Cl⁻) ions, which help repair defects in the material, improving its ability to emit light.

These insights help scientists better understand how perovskites form and evolve, leading to more stable and efficient materials for solar cells, electronics, and optical applications.

Original Publication

Labels: innovation, material science

Figure 1. The structural features of N-heterocyclic iminato ligands.

The Idea Behind the Discovery

Scientists have been exploring how rare-earth metals can help speed up certain chemical reactions, especially those that change molecules in a very specific way. These metals have a strong attraction to certain atoms, making them great for breaking and forming bonds. A key part of these reactions is the ligand, which is a molecule that helps control how the metal works. In the past, a type of ligand called cyclopentadiene (Cp) was the most popular. However, researchers have discovered other ligands, like imidazolin-2-iminato, that may work just as well or even better.

One big question remained: Could these rare-earth metal complexes help change molecules by targeting a special type of bond, known as a C–H bond? To answer this, the scientists tested different rare-earth metals with modified ligands to see how well they worked. Their experiments showed that a scandium-based complex was especially good at this reaction.

A New Approach to Chemical Reactions

During one of their tests, the scientists mixed a specific molecule (2-methylanisole) with another one (β-methylstyrene) and expected a certain reaction to happen. Instead, they got a different product—a dimer, meaning two molecules of β-methylstyrene stuck together. This unexpected result made them curious about how the reaction was actually happening.

They realized that scandium was interacting with the carbon-carbon double bonds (C=C) in a new way, helping activate the molecules and change their structure. This process, called C–H activation, was not commonly used before in this type of reaction, making their discovery especially exciting.

Challenges in Making It Work

Although this reaction showed promise, there were some obstacles to overcome:

1. Making the reaction selective – The metal’s interaction with the molecule was not very strong, so it was tricky to target just the right spot.
2. Dealing with different molecule shapes – Some molecules could change shape easily, affecting how well the reaction worked.
3. Preventing unwanted reactions – The scientists had to figure out how to get the right product rather than forming unwanted dimers or polymers (long chains of molecules).

After testing different conditions, they found that cationic imidazolin-2-iminato scandium(III) complexes were the best at directing the reaction the way they wanted. This allowed them to add one molecule to another in a very controlled way, avoiding unwanted byproducts.

Why This Matters

This discovery is a big step forward for chemistry. It means scientists now have a new way to modify alkenes (a type of molecule found in many important chemicals, including plastics and medicines). Their approach allows them to add one molecule to another efficiently while reducing waste.

By carefully designing their catalysts, the researchers opened the door to future discoveries. They hope to develop even better catalysts that can be used in other important chemical reactions. This research could eventually lead to new and more efficient ways to make medicines, plastics, and other useful materials.

Labels: chemistry, material science

NASA’s OSIRIS-REx mission collected samples from asteroid Bennu and found important building blocks of life. Scientists discovered:

• 14 of the 20 amino acids that make up proteins in living things.
• All five pieces of DNA and RNA.
• Lots of ammonia and other important chemicals for life.
• Special salts that suggest Bennu’s parent asteroid once had liquid water.

This special scan of a tiny grain from Bennu’s surface shows where salty deposits sit on top of clay. The colors represent different elements: phosphorus (green), calcium (red), iron (yellow), and magnesium (blue). A very thin line of magnesium sodium phosphate (the green spot in the center) formed when water evaporated. This phosphate might have helped create some of the important organic molecules found in the sample.

These findings don’t mean life existed on Bennu, but they do show that the early solar system had the right ingredients for life to form elsewhere.

One surprising discovery was that Bennu’s amino acids twist in both directions, unlike on Earth, where they mostly twist one way. This challenges earlier ideas about how life might have started here.

Scientists are keeping most of the samples safe for future study, hoping to learn even more about how life’s building blocks spread through space.

Eos, by Kimberly M. S. Cartier, 29 January 2025

Labels: astrobiology, life, space

Scientists study the genes of endangered species to help protect them. Betula microphylla is a rare tree in Northwest China that grows near two other birch species, B. tianshanica and B. pendula. Researchers wanted to find out if B. microphylla is genetically unique or if its genes have mixed with the other species.

They used DNA analysis on 135 trees, including 87 new samples, to examine the genetic relationships. The results showed three main genetic groups for each species, but B. microphylla had genes mixed (or "introgressed") from B. tianshanica and B. pendula. This gene mixing was confirmed by additional tests, which found 378 genes in the mixed regions, including eight linked to surviving tough environments.

To protect B. microphylla, scientists recommend strategies to prevent it from being overwhelmed by genes from B. pendula. They also suggest creating conservation areas and protecting B. tianshanica, as it may be closely related to B. microphylla.

Labels: conservation

Life of a virology professor. It is always fascinating to see the physiological changes in cells after they are virus infected. My lab is 1) identifying how gammaherpesviruses (which cause cancer) change host cell metabolism and 2) identifying anti-metabolism drugs that can be used as antivirals. 🧪

— Tracie Delgado (@traciedelgado.bsky.social) January 25, 2025 at 8:47 AM

Labels: cells, virus

The Conformal Cubic Atmospheric Model (CCAM), is the second-generation regional climate model developed
specifically for Australasian region and developed by CSIRO Division of Atmospheric Research in Australia. The CCAM has also been evaluated in several international model inter-comparison exercises to be among the best climate model for Asian region (McGregor et al, 1998).


McGregor, J. L., Katzfey, J. J. and Nguyen, K. C. 1998: Fine resolution simulations of climate change for Southeast Asia. Final report for a research project commissioned by Southeast Asian Regional Committee for START (SARCS). Aspendale, Vic. CSIRO Atmospheric Research, 35 p.


Technorati Tags: gcm, model, asia

Labels: asia, gcm, model

That is a question that seems to be answered in the affirmative, at least for mice. A recent study of mice found that by switching one gene (for those into such things, the Trpc2 gene) off the female mice engaged in strictly male behavior such as mounting, pelvic thrusting, and making male calls. Seems this particular gene is responsible for the functioning of a part of the mouse nose that is involved in sensing pheromones.




Technorati Tags: sex, lesbianism, pheromones, mice

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A new model, published in Science, that includes more information about the internal variability of the Earth system (e.g. El Ninos, etc.) predicts some potential for ameliorating anthropogenic warming in the next tens years (yet about 50% of the years after 2009 are still predicted to be warmer than 1998 (the warmest so far)).



___

Science 10 August 2007:

Vol. 317. no. 5839, pp. 796 - 799

DOI: 10.1126/science.1139540



Improved Surface Temperature Prediction for the Coming Decade from a

Global Climate Model



Doug M. Smith,* Stephen Cusack, Andrew W. Colman, Chris K. Folland,

Glen R. Harris, James M. Murphy



Previous climate model projections of climate change accounted for

external forcing from natural and anthropogenic sources but did not

attempt to predict internally generated natural variability. We

present a new modeling system that predicts both internal variability

and externally forced changes and hence forecasts surface temperature

with substantially improved skill throughout a decade, both globally

and in many regions. Our system predicts that internal variability

will partially offset the anthropogenic global warming signal for the

next few years. However, climate will continue to warm, with at least

half of the years after 2009 predicted to exceed the warmest year

currently on record.


Fig. 4. Globally averaged annual mean surface temperature
anomaly (relative to 1979–2001) forecast by DePreSys starting from June
2005. The CI (red shading) is diagnosed from the standard deviation of
the DePreSys ensemble, assuming a t distribution centered on
the ensemble mean (white curve). Also shown are DePreSys and ensemble
mean NoAssim (blue curves) hindcasts starting from June 1985 and June
1995, together with observations from HadCRUT2vOA (black curve).
Rolling annual mean values are plotted seasonally from March, June,
September, and December. The mean bias as a function of lead time was
computed from those DePreSys hindcasts that were unaffected by Mount
Pinatubo (SOM text) and removed from the DePreSys forecast (but not the
hindcasts).


Technorati Tags: climate, climate model, global warming, climate change

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Recent genetic work by Driscoll et al. reveals that the domestic cat was domesticated in the Near (Middle) East, likely in the "Fertile Crescent" likely coinciding with village development at the onset of agriculture.

"The Near Eastern Origin of Cat Domestication" Science 27 July 2007: Vol. 317. no. 5837, pp. 519 - 523

Technorati Tags: cat, cats, genetics, science

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